Mains
Each question is study material on its own. Try framing an answer before revealing the model.
198 questions in this view
The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law which was legislated but with a different intention?
Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India. How far have the recent reforms impacted the fiscal federalism in India?
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Skill development programmes have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement analyse the linkages between education, skill and employment.
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If ethics ensures smooth functioning of an organisation, what does ethics seek to promote? How do ethical values assist in the resolution of conflicts?
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What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low income trap?
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An elevated corridor case study — an inspecting team notices a crack in a pier, and the Chief Engineer overrules them. What are the ethical dilemmas involved, and what are the consequences of overlooking the inspecting team's observations?
What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met?
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We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace.
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With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.
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"Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent." Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.
Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objectives? Explain.
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How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India's water crisis?
National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.
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Comment on the need of administrative tribunals as compared to the court system. Assess the impact of the recent tribunal reforms through rationalization of tribunals made in 2021.
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Why did the “Moderates” fail to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century?
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Explain various types of revolutions that took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India?
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Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indians. Are they competing with the MNCs satisfactorily? Discuss.
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What is the concept of a 'demographic winter'? Is the world moving towards such a situation? Elaborate.
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The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss.
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The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In the light of the above observation, assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards.
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How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?
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Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India.
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Max Weber said that it is not wise to apply to public administration the sort of moral and ethical norms we apply to matters of personal conscience. It is important to realise that the State bureaucracy might possess its own independent bureaucratic morality. Critically analyse this statement.
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Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of fast breeder reactor programme in India?
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Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution.
What is meant by 'crisis of conscience'? How does it manifest itself in the public domain?
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Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976.
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"Wisdom lies in knowing what to reckon with and what to overlook."
Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India.
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Discuss Section 66A of the IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution.
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Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organisations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative model.
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Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management.
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"A mere compliance with law is not enough, the public servant also has to have a well-developed sensibility to ethical issues for effective discharge of duties." Do you agree? Explain with examples where (i) an act is ethically right but not legally, and (ii) an act is legally right but not ethically.
The jurisdiction of the CBI regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India.
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In what way could replacement of price subsidy with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss.
Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
“Empowering women is the key to control population growth.” Discuss.
Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council.
Should impartial and being non-partisan be considered as indispensable qualities to make a successful civil servant?
India's proximity to two of the world's biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same?
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Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of the policy process. Discuss.
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What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.
"What is meant by 'crisis of conscience'? Narrate one incident in your life that caused such a crisis." (2024)
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Instances of President's delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse.
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National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.
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What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming these bottlenecks?
What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India?
In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation?
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Explain the changes in cropping pattern in India in the context of changes in consumption pattern and marketing conditions.
The concept of Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success.
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Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world's most powerful judiciary?
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What are the reasons for poor acceptance of cost effective small processing unit? How the food processing unit will be helpful to uplift the socio-economic status of poor farmers?
What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent?
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The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention paid to Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can address this inadequacy.
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The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society. Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty.
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Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public Administration.
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What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification?
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Do you think that the Constitution of India does not accept the principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of "checks and balances"? Explain.
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Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.
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“The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain.
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“Empowering women is the key to control population growth.” Discuss.
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The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children's education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.
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The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn out to be unjust in today's context.
'Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance.' In this context suggest reforms in Civil Services for strengthening democracy.
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The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical education in the country? Discuss.
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What are the main constraints in transport and marketing of agricultural produce in India?
Elaborate the scope and significance of supply chain management of agricultural commodities in India.
Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management.
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How does nanotechnology offer significant advancements in the field of agriculture? How can this technology help to uplift the socio-economic status of farmers?
"Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding." — Mahatma Gandhi
“Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?
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"Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent." Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.
What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of "Trade War", especially keeping in mind the interest of India?
What are the consequences of illegal mining? Discuss the Ministry of Environment and Forests' concept of 'Go and No-Go' zones for coal mining.
India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan, fraught with contentious issues. Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border. Also give out the development being undertaken under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and the Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme.
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Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India.
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Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analysing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures.
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Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to one nation - one election principle.
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“Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?
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Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help disaster mitigation in the case of landslides.
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Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.
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Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre. Discuss.
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What are the challenges and opportunities of food processing sector in the country? How can income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing?
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Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India.
How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India's water crisis?
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“e-governance projects have a built-in bias towards technology and back-end integration than user-centric designs.” Examine.
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Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?
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Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organisations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative model.
The penetration of Self Help Groups in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine.
A whistle-blower reports corruption and illegal activities. What policy measures would you suggest to strengthen the protection mechanism to safeguard the whistle-blower?
"Social values are more important than economic values." Discuss the above statement with examples in the context of inclusive growth of a nation.
How has the emphasis on certain crops brought about changes in cropping patterns in recent past? Elaborate the emphasis on millets production and consumption.
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What is the concept of Demographic Winter? Is the world moving towards such a situation? Elaborate.
Effective utilization of public funds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their implications.
India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics?
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What are the reformative steps taken by the Government to make the food grain distribution system more effective?
Discuss the globalization of R&D and its impact on India's development. Provide an illustration from at least one sector such as Information Technology or health.
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"To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing the marginal note 'Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir', temporary?" Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity.
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What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies.
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With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand.
What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate.
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Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By giving suitable examples, analyze the causes and consequences of such violence.
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How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?
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“Earn while you learn” scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful. Comment.
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How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer.
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Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India.
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Individual Parliamentarian's role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss.
Examine the scope of the food processing industries in India. Elaborate the measures taken by the government in the food processing industries for generating employment opportunities.
For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to deny local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals.
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The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India's own innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programmes. Elucidate.
Social values are more important than economic values. Discuss the above statement with examples in the context of inclusive growth of a nation.
Analyse John Rawls's concept of social justice in the Indian context.
India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission.
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Explain the factors influencing the decision of the farmers on the selection of high value crops in India.
In view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made agriculture non-viable for a majority of farmers, should contract farming and land leasing be promoted in agriculture? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.
Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard.
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Establish the relationship between land reform, agriculture productivity and elimination of poverty in Indian Economy. Discuss the difficulty in designing and implementation of agriculture-friendly land reforms in India.
Discuss India's achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How has the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development?
What is the concept of a 'demographic winter'? Is the world moving towards such a situation? Elaborate.
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The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention paid to Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can address this inadequacy.
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The legitimacy and accountability of Self Help Groups and their patrons, the micro-finance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained success of the concept. Discuss.
The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world's economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.
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How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers?
How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers?
How far is Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in sustaining agricultural production?
What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism?
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Craze for gold in India has led to a surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme.
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India needs to strengthen measures to promote the pink revolution in food industry for better nutrition and health. Critically elucidate the statement.
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There is also a point of view that agriculture produce market committees (APMCs) set up under the state acts have not only impeded the development of agriculture but also have been the cause of food inflation in India. Critically examine.
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Individual Parliamentarian's role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss.
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Critically examine the Supreme Court's judgement on 'National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014' with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
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Discuss the evolution of the collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of appointment of judges of the Supreme Court of India and that of the USA.
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Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India.
Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world's most powerful judiciary?
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"Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative." What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?
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What does 'accountability' mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants?
What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met?
China and Pakistan have entered into an agreement for development of an economic corridor. What threat does this pose for India's security? Critically examine.
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Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities.
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"Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy." Comment.
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Examine the role of supermarkets in supply chain management of fruits, vegetables and food items. How do they eliminate number of intermediaries?
Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty or poverty is the main cause of population increase in India.
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“The emergence of the Self Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities.” Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs.
Examine the relevance of Fairness and Justice in the context of civil service.
The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society. Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty.
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Civil Society Organizations are often perceived as being anti-State actors than non-State actors. Do you agree? Justify.
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What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met?
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What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and state levels? Critically analyze the agriculture subsidy regime with reference to the distortions created by it.
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What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of "Trade War", especially keeping in mind the interest of India?
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"Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent." Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.
Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements.
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What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to the farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies.
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India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission.
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“In the villages itself no form of credit organisation will be suitable except the cooperative society.” – All India Rural Credit Survey. Discuss this statement in the background of agriculture finance in India.
Elaborate the policy taken by the Government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector.
Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976.
Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing the 'Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)'. How is this framework different from the 'Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005'?
What are the main bottlenecks in upstream and downstream process of marketing of agricultural products in India?
“Success of Make in India programme depends on the success of Skill India programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments.
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Explain the concept of constitutional morality and its application to ensure balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability in India.
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“The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.” Elaborate.
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Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices.
Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy.
Examine the relevance of courage of conviction in the context of civil service.
Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in India. What are the challenges associated with the storage of buffer stock? Discuss.
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What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India?
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Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases?
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Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification.
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The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer.
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How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years?
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What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and state levels? Critically analyze the agriculture subsidy regime with reference to the distortions created by it.
Examine the scope of the food processing industries in India. Elaborate the measures taken by the government in the food processing industries for generating employment opportunities.
Food security bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO.
Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms.
Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment.
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What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming these bottlenecks?
'Empowering women is the key to controlling population growth.' Discuss.
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How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.
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Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of society. Discuss.
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Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO.
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Explain the concept of professional ethics. How does it help in the development of good governance?
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Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities.
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A country that imports most of the crude it consumes cannot keep its energy policy and its foreign policy in separate boxes. Examine this proposition with reference to the pressures currently facing India's crude oil sourcing.
Theatrisation of the armed forces is usually presented as an organisational redesign, but its harder problems are institutional and legal. Examine, with reference to the reforms already undertaken and the conditions that must be met before theatre commands can function.
"Handloom is not a relic of India's past; it is a strategic asset for its future." Examine the case for treating handloom as a serious manufacturing sector rather than a heritage activity, and identify the constraints such a shift must overcome.
A newly signed mutual defence agreement among Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan has been read both as the emergence of a new security bloc in West Asia and as a limited response to particular vulnerabilities. Examine the factors that will determine which of the two it becomes, and assess the implications for India.
Extreme rainfall may trigger a landslide, but the geology of a slope determines where it fails and how destructive the failure becomes. Examine the implications of this distinction for landslide risk reduction in the Western Ghats.
"In politics, Bhakti or hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and to eventual dictatorship." In the light of Ambedkar's warning, examine whether constitutional safeguards alone are sufficient to protect a democracy.
Judicial independence insulates the judiciary from external pressure, while judicial accountability requires that this insulated power remain explicable to the public. Examine this tension with particular reference to the exercise of suo motu jurisdiction by constitutional courts in India.
A special intensive revision of electoral rolls pursues accuracy, but accuracy and inclusiveness can pull in opposite directions. Examine the constitutional and procedural safeguards meant to reconcile the two.
Unconditional cash transfers to women have become a near-universal feature of State welfare policy in India. Examine their implications for State fiscal space and for the provision of public health and education, and suggest how the two objectives may be reconciled.
Electrifying industrial process heat has been described as the next frontier of India's energy transition. Examine the technical and financial barriers to this transition, with particular reference to MSMEs, and suggest a framework to overcome them.
The Forest Rights Act, 2006 was enacted to undo a historical injustice, yet its central procedural safeguard — that no eviction may take place until claims are verified — continues to be bypassed. Examine this failure with reference to recent eviction orders in protected areas.
"The Tribunal Reforms Bill, 2026 seeks to strengthen the institutional architecture of tribunals in India, but its success will depend less on legislative design and more on administrative will." Critically examine.
The forthcoming readjustment of Lok Sabha seats requires India to reconcile two commitments that its Constitution holds simultaneously — the equal weight of every vote, and the representation of States as constituent units of a federation. Examine this tension and evaluate the options available for managing it.
Theme 2 — Governance & Institutional Reform (GS II — Governance) "Strong institutions are the invisible infrastructure of a growing economy." In light of the Tribunal Reforms Bill, 2026, examine how institutional reform contributes to the Viksit Bharat @2047 vision. Angle: Reform-perform-transform philosophy, ease of doing business, link between institutions and economic growth.
Theme 3 — Access to Justice & Rule of Law (GS II — Judiciary) "Ease of doing business is incomplete without ease of justice." Critically analyse how tribunal reforms can strengthen India's dispute-resolution ecosystem. Angle: Justice delivery, judicial pendency, specialised adjudication, citizen-centric governance.
Theme 1 — Judicial Independence & Separation of Powers (GS II — Polity) "The evolution of tribunal reforms in India reflects an ongoing tension between administrative efficiency and judicial independence." Discuss with reference to the Supreme Court's rulings and the Tribunal Reforms Bill, 2026. Angle: Constitutional balance, doctrine of separation of powers, role of judiciary in shaping institutional reform.